Surveying is a very important part of civil engineering. Knowledge of surveying is incomplete without the knowledge of leveling. The dumpy level is a commonly used leveling instrument. To be acquainte…

Surveying is the first and most essential step in starting any civil engineering project. It is a fundamental branch of civil engineering that deals with the measurement and representation of the Eart…

Tacheometry is a branch of angular surveying in which the horizontal and vertical distances are obtained by optical means as opposed to the ordinary process of chain and tape. This is done with the he…

Chain survey/surveying is a very old method of Surveying. This article includes the definition of chain survey along with all detailed information with necessary images about various aspects of chain…

Plane table surveying is one of the fastest and simplest methods of surveying. In this method, field observations and plotting of plans are carried out simultaneously. This reduces office work…

Brick is a commonly used building material. It is a unit made of burnt clay. It is mainly composed of clay, sand, lime and bearing soil or other concrete materials. Containing a good mixture of these…

Cement, as a binding material, is a very important building material. Almost every construction work requires cement. Therefore, the composition of cement is a matter of great interest to engineers. F…

White Portland cement, as the name indicates, is a kind of cement with white color. It is the same as ordinary gray Portland cement except in respect to color and fineness.

Snowcrete is the commercial…

Cement, one of the most important building materials, is a binding agent that sets and hardens to adhere to building units such as stones, bricks, tiles, etc. Cement generally refers to a very fine po…

Clinker is a nodular material produced in the kilning stage during the production of cement and is used as the binder in many cement products. The lumps or nodules of clinker are usually of diameter 3…